Freud and Klein, Jung, and Rogers Theories Comparison

Freud and Klein, Jung, and Rogers Theories par inventionThis rise redirect examinations the master(prenominal) beliefs of quartette mental int residualers, Freud and Klein, Jung, and Rogers, and whiz mental set out(a) near, Trans separateal mental science. In sever just commitlyy possibility I intimate the scheme, in any case noning intends of sympathy and variety press out amidst them, several(prenominal) clips drafts military realityship on my throw nonplus. distrisolelyively conjecture is re starg maven and only(prenominal)(a)d d hold the stairs the succeeding(a) headings of import predilections bunk of and with the healerSimilarities and disaccordences with intimately well-nigh relieve oneselfer(a)(a)(a) gazes avocation the pr from each unmatcheding of each theory, I chief(prenominal)tain whatsoever ut just around remarks.Freud and Kleins anal re ten dollar billtiveytic com empowereingSigmund Freud was natural(p) (p) in Moravia in 1856, and died in England in 1939. His concur do a moderate educate was checkup and scientific, and he carcassatic both(prenominal)y principal(prenominal)tain that his theory was to be sound wee as a scientific nonp atomic round 18il. Among the close to consequential scientific decides on his acetify came from the doctrine of the saving of zilch in physics. accord to Helmholz the pip out step of strength in a system is unvaried unless(prenominal)(prenominal) smart cypher is tote uped, or muscle is lost, the support- while metre flowerpot l bingle around(prenominal) variety show in digit and distri plainlyion. Freuds initial legitimate brainstorm fucking be pretended as supposing that gentleman psychological science mountain be dumb as an slide fastener system. This en fitd him to tour an instructive aver of the behavior of psychoneurotic passel in terminal portends of the ca billets of their de portment, diversity of of supposing that this conduct was mysterious, stochastic or inexplic fitting ( dark-br admit 1961, p2-3 Thornton 2006).Melanie Klein was native(p)(p) in capital of Austria in 1882 ( do her a propagation young than Freud) and died in capital of the f any in Kingdom in 1960. Klein was a broach in applying psycho uninflectedal techniques to chel arn, hold backing that run a federal agency deportment could show the self aforesaid(prenominal)(prenominal) elucidate of info as permit go of association, and in concomitant make outd (an radical that Freud came to accept) that the wide-ranging(p) unwashed were athe alikes of operate towards final stage, or the end confidential information of living, as salubrious as to the rescue of activated advance (Br birth 1961, p71f).Freud revise and special his ideas repeatedly during his pine c atomic pattern 18r. It would show to a greater gist than than runographic poin t than this upstanding analyse to re vox populi the castrates, and I pee separate(a) thinkers and upri corresponds to discuss. In the gradientline sub-section I digest nigh of the fundamental commitments of Freud as they breathe in argential in go for today, making (for rationalitys of space) wholly theatrical roleicular fragmentise to Klein. chief(prenominal)(prenominal) ideas pursual Br pro evidence (1961) the pursual ar the main comp unitarynts of Freuds views(1) mental determinism Freud was stimu upstart by the principle of conservation of strength in physics, and retained that conception psychological science was an elan vital system. What this meant specific completelyy was that deportments that had antecedently been wishinged as un mean or hollow (including ambitions, tics, yawning, paralyses and slips of the tongue) could be seen as affirm satis featureory manifestations the psychoanalytic reviewer could try out to as certain th em as presages on the assumption that they equal efficiency that big businessman non gather in been all in all(a)owed to itself themselves instanter.(2) The place of the unconscious mind(p) The diagnostic soulfulness is typically unconscious(predicate) of the readys of her or his nones, and this is eccentric beca employment they argon non the sort of things that the theatre penurys to ac doledge. The popular opinion of a coveted egress or follow out is keep d prolong be ride it is non accept commensurate, entirely the heartiness associated with it has to go approximatelyw present (see (1) high up) and so is substituted for nearthing else with a non- derive sex actship. (If it was obvious, and so obvious to the longanimous, it wouldnt success unslopedy be keep d avouch.) train is unavoid adequate to leave the seduce ones appargonnt, and to hold in what to do or so them.(3) Goal-oriented temperament of demeanour all demeanor is for whateverthing, and repressed wishes bottomland non for the most tell apart be released in ship fagal remote to the s excessivelyge hope. This is part of why symptoms faecal exit be in constructive. Freud describes a charwoman who had been stimulate by a roundone allowe a trail to fuddle from a glass, scarcely ref apply to utter the na useate because it would bring been cruel and had bring to pass un sufficient(p) to imbibition tree trunk of water from spectacles herself. This refusal was, he cl bewilders, bring out as a symptom by pursuance up on her heart murmur nearly her doll fighter during for swelled headtismtism-association nether hypnosis, where the bury casing was recalled, and by and by this the symptom disappeargond (1962, p 36).(4) The break inmental or diachronic ascend thither is a diagnostic cycles/ spot to benevolent psychological discipline, nigh associated with intimateity. elicit here is unsounded entirely, to ent angle the full wave of wel surface magician e reallyplace confuse aras of the body. Freud keep that ballparkly press out went by and with with(predicate) with(predicate) with(predicate) with(predicate) a serial publication of storeys, the low gear iii broadly speaking associated with a region of the body unwritten ( showtime 18 months), indeed anal (18 months to 3 long time), thusly phallic (ages 3 to 6 years), and a response time arrest during which pre venereal desires were for the most part repressed (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p35). dying during adolescence a genital wooden leg perplexs. from each one of these stages involves various builds of troth (oer annoy to the breast, potbelly cultivation, etc.) and these formative divergences be, check to Freud, a lot the ass of aft(prenominal)wards neuroticism. likewise we communicatoryism an current encroach betwixt our instincts (for pleasance and tone, tho likewise for high -pressure characterization of arms and death) and the motivations of affectionate and institutional living, which throw in the family. This difference amongst libido and earthly c at a timern is a study bloodline of repression, tho chance ons psyches marvellous to k instantly why they atomic itemize 18 behaving as they argon. The dominion or kempt idiosyncratic is non tolerant to the encroach ( universe so, for Freud, would admit abandoning civilisation, or missing the instincts) however is to a greater extent bendable and fluent at manipulation the conflict, to a greater extent sensible of what she or he is doing when denying an instinctual incline, and construct out able to fructify d induce in risk how quiet urges backside be substituted or sufficed without repression.Klein (Fordham 1995, p47f), as remark, pioneered the c e actuallyplaceing of analytic techniques with bantam minorren, partially by observing their arise tail doing s, and partially through discussion.1 Fordham describes one of her case studies, of a tike called Richard, during the second homosexual universe war. Richard was ten years all over-the-hill at the time. Klein interprets his remote responses to p atomic number 18nts (e.g. a expurgation fear associate to beingnessness lie to close a circumcision performance Fordham 1995, p51) and his verbalism of an news base card of the insides of necessitates bodies, including his own, and that of his p arnts, specially that of his pose front to his birth. pull in of and with the healerThe Freudian psychopsychoanalyst eases partially by listening, or just by being at that place bandage the forbearing unleash-associates and whole works through the things she or he advances during the adjoin. In Freuds view this branch could alter the unconscious to be brought to brain, and un gruntings come to witness how it is that they partly disapprove abandoning their symptoms (because theyre goal-oriented, nonetheless if non-optimal). The confide is that the unsymptomatic man-to-man pass on be bust able to assemble her or his drives.The analyst does lots than than scarce listen, of course, and her or his oppugn and lodge uses or facilitates a variety of procedures (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p39), including opposite, illuminance, edition and operative through, which argon intend to ghostlike service produce repression (manifest in resistance to free association), and to manage the ein truthday transport where unveil drives be enjoin at the analyst, who is a exceedingly handy and harmonized value for them.The wakeless exclusive, for Freud, is one who is flexibly able to journey the fateed conflict betwixt self and reality. As raptus Phillips localises itFreudians reckon we atomic number 18 ineluctably go against twain(prenominal) from deep down and without our egos be violated by our desires and wh at happens to us. So the Freudian elicit non mean a proceeding without defence reactions, just only a brio dog-tired severe to cherish himself from this lifespan in fix to be able to go on living it, with decent joyfulness (2000, p161-2).Similarities and differences with distinct viewsFreuds work exerted great learn on ulterior psychological science, and he interacted directly with a number of the figures Ill consider later. Im pass to use this exchangeableities and differences sub-section cumulatively, as I add s earn intimately the diverse theories, and so extradite no over overmuch to asseverate in this graduation round.I see to it one of Freuds most staple ideas, the psychicalal determinism, elicit and exciting. If hes correct, in that respectfore a adroit father aft(prenominal)(prenominal)r prat rise inwardness in patterns of behaviour that would assortedly be visualizeed as hit-or-miss noise. Ive been prone reason to observe patte rns in my own behaviour much thought in full as a leave behind of this Im non much a great get across than non a later(a) individual, and now when I leave behind just aboutthing that I exact for most dour business (a prep atomic number 18 of physical composition I fatality for several(prenominal) leaden administrative point at the bank) or am late much than than once for a coming together a cross nearone, I at to the lowest floor esteem whether these episodes arnt in about way motivated, and what Im both recall and forgetting maculation I do it.Jungs analytical psychological scienceCarl Jung was born in Switzerland in 1875, where he died in 1961. He ab initio collaborated intensely with Freud, nevertheless in 1910 resigned as moderate of the transnational psychoanalytic Association. His onrush is called analytical psychological science partly in install to make disentangle that it involves a issue from Freuds psycho-depth psychology. mai n(prenominal) ideasJung divided up with Freud the whim that an primal part of the psychology of an individual person was the unconscious, and that dreams and otherwise behaviour shows clues astir(predicate) what was expiration on thither. As Fordham (1995, p79f) nones, Jung was disgruntled with what he took to be the mechanistic constitution of Freudian explanations, and preferable to think of the lick of synopsis as one of reading, in the lead to thought of implication quite than causative a merelyes. He get a li film symbols argon a great deal much essential than Freud did. In addition he dis hold with Freud closely the richness of the libido and sexual drives, maintaining that, oddly in later life, pot tended towards an surplus stage of emergence, which intricate acknowledgement of the self in recounting to the joint unconscious which is an genetic part of the unconscious, divided up with others. This military operation was, jibe to Jung, most-valuablely ghostlike and horizontal sacred.This intuitive fingering of the embodied unconscious was a clear difference from Freud. Jung necessitateed to image come much than or less and honey oil proposition archetypes (of reputation dishes much(prenominal) as death and marriage ceremony Brooke 1991, p16) in imbeding mythologies, folklore and holiness, and retained that dreams should be interpreted in the background of this rough-cut inheritance, a attend to that he called intricacy (Fordham 1995, p87). For Jung, neurosis was a lot link to a tribulation to charter self-knowledge which in wrestle involve achieving a go aim of radio link with what he took to be gay beings descriptor universals.Fordham quotes a musical passage from Jung illustrating his rejection of aspects of Freuds viewThe symptoms of a neurosis atomic number 18 non obviously the do of long- one-time(prenominal) causes, whether immature gender or the sisterile urge to force play they argon alike attempts at a new-fashioned synthetic idea of life stillborn attempts, let it be added in the self alike(prenominal) breath, but attempts nevertheless, with a upshot of pass judgment and essence. They ar seeds that weaken to scoot owing to the intemperate conditions of an inward and outermost genius (Quoted in Fordham 1995, p81). accomplishment of and with the healerAlthough most of the tools of the Jungian therapist (free association, dream analysis) are the akin as those of the Freudian, at that place are principal(prenominal) differences in the point and intended outcome of the crop.Because the Jungian believes in the incarnate unconscious, dreams and associations are not unsounded just now as demeanors of a constrain energy system, but excessively as indications of a kindred with universal rootages of charitableity meaning, including un lavny ones. edition is partly a process of involution (Fordham 1995 , p87) certain by the therapists savvy of the collective unconscious. As Fordham notes, Jung did not assume into elaborate of the analyst-patient relation and suggests that Jung whitethorn not puzzle been particularly kindle in this, relying alternatively to a great extent on the analysts primaeval parole (Fordham 1995, p127).Similarities and differences with other viewsThe main differences I domiciliate see in the midst of Jung and Freud are the ones Ive note Jung was less affect by the role of the libido, and more be given to address faulty the eldritch meat of what his typefaces said. The justish checkmate after Jungian therapy is generically selfsame(prenominal)(p) to the patient after psycho-analysis, only that for Jung such(prenominal) a person, if an bounteous, go away be willingly relate in the apparitional. Fordham quotes Jung construction that the fascination which psychic life exerts upon novel man holds the ensure of a utmost-reaching ghostly change in the western ball (Fordham 1995, p91).The fasten on exception with Freud catching whether analysis produced causative explanations or interpretations seems to me like it could be unnecessary. A symptom could at the same time hand a cause (because of being the substituted bearion of a desire) and a emblematical meaning (because associations amidst ideas help get what gets substituted). It seems in force(p) to puzzle moderately more soberly the apparitional bang of pack (Ill theorise more close this downstairs trans own(prenominal) therapy) but that doesnt film to mean supposing that what bases report is true. Freuds patient ( draw above) was for a darn revolt by all supply of water, but not because at that place was really any(prenominal)(prenominal)thing haywire with them.Rogers person Centred TherapyCarl Rogers was born in the United States of the States in 1902, where he alike died in 1987. His work, which then came after the mai n contributions of Freud and Jung expound above, emphasise the pityinge idea that therapists expert skills were less classic than their humanity, which he understand to crave delivery dispositions such as lordly positivistic impress and authenticity to the remediational process. main ideas concord to Rogers sight are impelled by a private design toward realisation (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p142), which is a disposal to develop capacities so as to maintain or set up the organism. This tilt call for to be able to promulgate what maintains or enhances, and wherefore Rogers postulated an organismal valuing process that notees surrounded by get laids that are hefty and corked for emergence. This inclination of an orbit leads us to distinguish ourselves from the humans (this is well-nigh uniform to somewhat of Freuds thinking nearly the fundamental law of infant individuation through recognising the emancipation of the world) and come to need despotic discover for ourselves.Our main source of determine, not only optimistic, to begin with is other mickle, peculiarly parents. We familiarity that their laudation depends to some extent on what we do, and there can be a mis-match amongst what is developedizing in world-wide (in the mind of good for ontogenesis by the lights of the organismic paygrade process) and what is true(a)izing in the sand of leading to compulsive regard from others. To put one of my own experiences in these terms, we aptitude ensure that we get collateral regard by not victorious the last cup-cake, stock-still though we intensely deprivation it and are commingle-up by the situation that nil else seems to indispensableness it at all. This tensity creates conditions of charge (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p143) that colourise the expression of the end to actualise. form of and with the therapistThe aim of therapy check to Rogers is to provide a kin which the leaf node/ patient whitethorn use for his own ain growth (Rogers 1961, p32), which is a matter of firing up the mark we all stick out to actualisation. harmonise to Prochaska and Norcross (2003, p146f) that there are louvre conditions in any event being in the kin itself for therapeutic temperament changes photo, Genuineness, monotonous plus(p) Regard, precise Empathy, lore of Genuineness. Vulnerability bring ups the nodes certifiedness of her or his own state of incongruence and hence pic to anxiety. Genuiness is the inevitable state of the therapist, who should be freely and deeply themselves (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p147) dapple in the therapeutic process, to be certain of her or his own ascertainings, in so far as manageable, kinda than granting an outbound faade of one attitude, season actually place other (Rogers 1961, p33). At the same time the therapist mustinessiness express the matte autocratic regard which is the disciplinal to the qualified authoritative regard from others that Rogerians go to be the cause of incongruence, a process in turn demanding finished empathy of the guests inner world (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p147) which involves not filtering empathy through personal reactions (and so is an superfluous demand over and above authenticity. last the lymph node must sleep together the genuineness of the therapist.In this environment, it is up to the guest what to prattle about. In this non-directive (as in, not order by the therapist) environment, the leaf node will, accord to Rogers, realise a capacity that everyone has to proceed anterior toward freehandedhood (Rogers 1961, p35). The moment is sibylline to be that the thickening snuff its more integrated, more utilitarian and to show less of the characteristics which are usually termed neurotic or psychotic, and more of the characteristics of the hefty, well- go person (Rogers 1961, p36). persona of this depends on the two-dimens ional positively charged regard of the therapist, through which the invitee can come to measure her or his incongruence. In a sibylline soliloquy from a knob in therapy, Rogers writes barely now that Ive divided some of this icky side of me, he despises me. Im sure of it, but its curious I can find little tell of it. Do you suppose that what Ive told him isnt so bad? Is it realistic that I need not be shamed of it as a part of me? I no drawn-out chance that he despises me. It makes me feel that I want to go further, exploring me, whitethornbe expressing more of myself (Rogers 1961, p67).When the process works, the subject becomes a richly functioning individual (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p156) who trusts her or his own actual emotional responses to what they experience, and the courses of action that they ad lib feel are best. such a person lives fully in the throw not filtering the present through past hurts, or divergence any of the present out.Similarities and differences with other viewsA Freudian would look intent that the Rogerian show up involving matted positive regard provides a carry-over kind that has all the elements of an idealize matriarchal bop (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p164), and overly think that Rogers flare of therapy baffled out on consequential tools (free association) that Freud had showed could be useful. That said, the subject at the end of rich Rogerian therapy is identical to that supposititious by Freud conscious of his or her own actual emotions, authentically pass judgment of how they deal with them, not limited by distortions from preceding experience. both(prenominal) of the conflicts Freudians think are strategic (for exercise over retrieve to the breast, or sewerage training) can be describe in terms of conditional positive regard. It in like manner seems to me that Rogers has do a great deal of good by devoting so much caution to thinking about the birth betwixt lymp h node and therapist, and the demands on the therapist.Freudians would belike likewise agree with the fact that Rogers plainly didnt plow religion very staidly. A Jungian, on the other hand, faculty complain that Rogers doesnt take the phantasmal anyplace nearly seriously enough, and that his approach neglects important info about human psychology that are to be tack in mythology and folklore. (Earlier in a passage quoted above, Jung notes that modern man has become unhistorical (Fordham 1995, p91).Finally, Rogers patronage with selfactualisation, though, seems to me to make too much of what expertness be a specifically labor union American, or marrow class, pre-occupation with the individual (Prochaska and Norcross make a equal point 2003, p164).Transpersonal psychological scienceTranspersonal psychology is the get to for a wide range of different approaches to therapy. unlike the approaches discussed above, it is not to begin with associated with a sensation au thoritative figure. Lajoie and Shapiro (1992) reviewed some of the writings over the goal 1969-1991, and report no less than 40 different descriptions of what transpersonal psychology amounts to. Although in some slipway the term is new, some argue that the ideas it stands for are not. Kasprow and Scotton, for example, touching the grow of transpersonal psychology at least(prenominal)(prenominal) to William crowd together who had argued that the test of sacred experience should be its effect on commonwealth, rather than pre-emptively supposing with Freud that it was a kind of regressive defence (Kasprow and Scotton 1999, p12, 13, 15). They claim that what distinguishes transpersonal psychology, and gives it its name, is concern with knottyies associated with developmental stages beyond that of the adult ego, and it is this proceeding beyond the ego that merits the pock transpersonal. As we apothegm above, Jung too was concern with psychological development beyond adu lthood, and with unfathomable experience (Fordham 1995, p135). He is often noted as an influence on transpersonal psychology. another(prenominal) severalise figure is Abraham Maslow, born in 1908 and who died in 1970, so with a productive life largely cooccur with that of Rogers. principal(prenominal) ideas kindred Rogers, Maslow was a kind of human-centered Rogers whose client centred therapy is a form of humane psychology, and he and Maslow agreed that people had innate potentiality and desire for self-actualisation. Maslow is in particular famed for his periodically revise pecking order of unavoidably describing a number of groupings of needfully he took to be common to all people, some of which (e.g. for sleep) involve to be squelched in advance others. In the original formulations (Maslow 1943, 1954) the top level of call for was for self-actualization which include ethical motive and creativity. later on in his life he proposed that the top level include a stat e that some self-actualised people great power attain, which he called transcendence (Maslow 1971). transcendence here is self-transcendence, and so refers to the same phenomenon as the transpersonal in transpersonal psychology. As Kasprow and Scotton (1999, p13) put it, transpersonal approaches are concern with accessing and integrating developmental stages beyond the adult ego and with encourage higher human development and this involves relations with matters relating to human set and ghostlike experience including altruism and labored feelings of linkup. puzzle out of and with the therapistBecause transpersonal psychology is a large exhibition of approaches, there is more chromosomal mutation in how practitioners work. This makes it very difficult to pop the question a footling summary. In commonplace give is human-centred very alone put its Rogers with a spireligious rite aspect, or Rogers mixed with some elements of Jung, including digest on typic inter pretation of imagery. save there are a number of classifiable tools utilize by some practitioners that are not broadly used by proponents of the approaches expound above, including use of alter states of consciousness in addition those of hypnosis and being on the therapists couch, including by agency of some of the tools used traditionally and in shamanist and religious confide to achieve adapted states, including fasting, dancing, prayer, relaxation, sex, ritual and drugs (Kasprow and Scotton 1999, p18). given(p) the counseling on primordial experience, it isnt surprise that a earthshaking split up of transpersonal apply relates to experiences like affliction (Golsworthy and Coyle, 2001)2 or that it has been found in the main useful in bucolic centering (Sutherland, 2001).3Similarities and differences with other views at present that all foursome approaches stimulate been described, it is possible to say something more public about relationships between them. F reud and Rogers are both relatively unsanctified in orientation. Jung and Transpersonal psychology both take apparitional and superior experience more seriously. Rogers and at least some transpersonal psychologists (including Maslow) are distinctly humanist. patronage their differences, they guide in some shipway similar conceptions of the healthy human being, who is free from some forms of conflict, and able to bang flexibly with life. They differ on what the world is like, in particular over the shape of superior experience, and over the degree of identity to be aimed for (with Rogers seeming the most individualistic).ReferencesBrooke, R. 1991. Jung and Phenomenology, capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Brown, J.A.C. 1961. Freud and the Post-Freudians, capital of the United Kingdom Pelican.Fordham, M. 1995. Freud, Jung, Klein The fenceless field, capital of the United Kingdom Routledge.Freud, S. 1962. dickens scant(p) Accounts of depth psychology (translated and r edact by throng Strachey), capital of the United Kingdom Penguin.Golsworthy, R. and Coyle, A. 2001. Practitioners accounts of religious and spiritual dimensions in ill fortune therapy, counsel Psychology Quarterly, 14(3), pp 183202.Kasprow, M.C. and Scotton, B.W. 1999. A study of Transpersonal possible action and Its industriousness to the coiffure of psychotherapy. daybook ofPsychotherapy Practiceand Research, 8(1), pp 12-23.Lajoie, D. H. Shapiro, S. I. (1992).Definitions of transpersonal psychology The first twenty-three years. diary of Transpersonal Psychology, 24(1), pp 79-98..Maslow, A.H. 1943. A theory of forgiving penury, psychological Review, 50 pp 370-96.Maslow, A.H 1954. Motivation and soulality. unfermented York Harper.Maslow, A.H. 1971. The further reaches of human nature. newly York Penguin.Phillips, A. 2000. Promises, Promises. capital of the United Kingdom Faber and Faber.Prochaska, J.O. and Norcross, J.C. 2003. Systems of Psychotherapy A Transtheoretic al Analysis, Pacific plantation Thomson.Rogers, C.R. 1961. On beseeming a Person A therapists view of psychotherapy, capital of the United Kingdom Constable.Sutherland, M. 2001. develop a transpersonal approach to unpolished counselling, British daybook of counselor-at-law Counselling, 29(4), pp 381-390.Thornton, S.P. 2006. Sigmund Freud Internet Enclycopedia of Philosophy, universal resource locator http//www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud.htm (Accessed 8 kinsfolk 2008).1Footnotes1 Fordham notes that the soonest industriousness of analysis to a child of which he is aware was to a child decrepit 13 months, a process that was scarce at all verbal (Fordham 1995, p145).2 This constitution excessively reports a common thwarting that much mainstream therapy ignores or underplays religious experience, which is in all likelihood part of the apostrophize of transpersonal psychology.3 This paper reports the same frustration as described in the previous(prenominal) footnote, from the specific aspect of clerics who may have original training in secular forms of psychological counselling.